Indonesia enlists wasps in war on crop killer

[Buster's Uncle]

Indonesia enlists wasps in war on crop killer
Associated Press
By MARGIE MASON  7 hours ago



Agricultural officers release parasitoid wasps (Anagyrus lopezi) inside a cage at a cassava field in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Wednesday, Sept. 24, 2014. They are the size of a pinhead and don't even pack a sting, but these tiny wasps are cold-blooded killers nonetheless. They work as nature's SWAT team, neutralizing a pest that threatens to destroy one of the developing world's most important staple foods: cassava. The wasps are being released in Indonesia, the latest country threatened by the mealybug. It's a white fuzzy-looking insect shaped like a pill that's been making its way across Southeast Asia's fields for the past six years. Scientists will put 2,000 wasps into a holding cage at an affected field in Bogor. They will be monitored to see how well they handle local conditions as they multiply to an expected 300,000 over the next month before being released into the wild to start their relentless killing spree. (AP Photo/Tatan syuflana)



BOGOR, Indonesia (AP) — They are the size of a pinhead and don't even pack a sting, but these tiny wasps are cold-blooded killers nonetheless. They work as nature's SWAT team, neutralizing a pest that threatens to destroy one of the developing world's most important staple foods: cassava.

The wasps are being released in Indonesia, the latest country threatened by the mealybug. It's a chalky white insect shaped like a pill that's been making its way across Southeast Asia's fields for the past six years. The pest first appeared in Indonesia in 2010. Bogor on the outskirts of Indonesia's capital Jakarta was ground zero.

But unlike in Thailand, where infestations reached some 250,000 hectares (618,000 acres) of crops grown mostly as part of a huge export business, cassava in Indonesia is a vital local food source second only to rice. That makes the mealybug a serious threat to food security in Indonesia, which already has one of the region's highest child malnutrition rates.

The parasitic wasps, or Anagyrus lopezi, need the mealybug to survive. Females lay their eggs inside the insect and as the larvae grow, they eat the bug from the inside out, slowly killing it until there's nothing left but its mummified shell.

On Wednesday, scientists put 3,000 wasps into a secure tent-like habitat in an affected field in Bogor. They will be monitored to see how well they handle local conditions as they multiply to an expected 450,000 within a month. Once a government permit is obtained, the wasps can be released into the wild to start their relentless killing spree.

It's unclear how much damage mealybugs have already caused to Indonesia's crops, but infestations have been reported on the main cassava-growing island of Java and in parts of Sumatra, said Kris Wyckhuys, an entomologist at the Colombia-based International Center for Tropical Agriculture, which is helping to coordinate the release.



Pest pink cassava mealybugs are shown in a laboratory at Bogor Agricultural University in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Wednesday, Sept. 24, 2914. They are the size of a pinhead and don't even pack a sting, but these tiny wasps are cold-blooded killers nonetheless. They work as nature's SWAT team, neutralizing a pest that threatens to destroy one of the developing world's most important staple foods: cassava. The wasps are being released in Indonesia, the latest country threatened by the mealybug. It's a white fuzzy-looking insect shaped like a pill that's been making its way across Southeast Asia's fields for the past six years. Scientists will put 2,000 wasps on Wednesday into a holding cage at an affected field in Bogor. They will be monitored to see how well they handle local conditions as they multiply to an expected 300,000 over the next month before being released into the wild to start their relentless killing spree. (AP Photo/Tatan syuflana)


He said the idea is to introduce the wasps early in a pre-emptive strike because the pests if left unchecked can destroy more than 80 percent of a harvest by sucking the plant's sap until it withers and dies.

"It is entering into areas where it is expected to cause the biggest yield impact and the biggest impact on food security and on cassava-related livlihoods," Wyckhuys said.

Cassava farmer Wahyu Hidayat said the pests hit about three hectares of his five hectacre crop four years ago. The leaves started shriveling and falling off the plants that grow up to four meters tall, and no one had ever seen anything like it. It lowered production from five kilos of cassava from one tree down to two kilos.

"It's really difficult for us," he said, welcoming the government's wasp intervention. "As a traditional farmer, we didn't know how to deal with it."

Indonesia is one of the world's top producers of cassava, planting around 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) a year, half of which is eaten as a staple food across the sprawling archipelago of 240 million people.



A student at Bogor Agricultural University looks at pest pink cassava mealybugs in a laboratory in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Wednesday, Sept. 24, 2914. They are the size of a pinhead and don't even pack a sting, but these tiny wasps are cold-blooded killers nonetheless. They work as nature's SWAT team, neutralizing a pest that threatens to destroy one of the developing world's most important staple foods: cassava. The wasps are being released in Indonesia, the latest country threatened by the mealybug. It's a white fuzzy-looking insect shaped like a pill that's been making its way across Southeast Asia's fields for the past six years. Scientists will put 2,000 wasps on Wednesday into a holding cage at an affected field in Bogor. They will be monitored to see how well they handle local conditions as they multiply to an expected 300,000 over the next month before being released into the wild to start their relentless killing spree. (AP Photo/Tatan syuflana)


The long roots of the shrub-like plant are a major source of carbohydrates and provide an array of nutrients. Like the potato, cassava is a versatile starch that's an essential part of daily meals across much of the developing world. In Indonesia it is boiled, fried, made into noodles, crackers and even cakes.

Known elsewhere as manioc, tapioca and yucca, it is also made into livestock feed and used as an ingredient in a variety of products worldwide, ranging from lipstick and artificial sweeteners to paint and glucose IV drips.

Portuguese traders first brought the plant from South America centuries ago, and many of the world's poorest people today depend on it for survival. It grows well in bad soil conditions and doesn't need much water, making it ideal for hot areas hit by drought.

It is especially important in Africa, which suffered a massive mealybug attack in the 1980s. Wasps were first imported there from Paraguay and released across the continent by airplane. The method was effective, wiping out up to 95 percent of the bugs in some areas, and has been credited with averting famine and saving $20 billion.

Wyckhuys said the wasps have not created any unintended problems within ecosystems since the so called pink mealybugs only eat cassava and the tiny wasps only eat mealybugs. However, he said it's impossible to erradicate all of the pests because the wasps must keep some hosts alive in order to keep from dying out themselves.



A student at Bogor Agricultural University peers through a microscope at pest pink cassava mealybugs in her laboratory in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Wednesday, Sept. 24, 2914. They are the size of a pinhead and don't even pack a sting, but these tiny wasps are cold-blooded killers nonetheless. They work as nature's SWAT team, neutralizing a pest that threatens to destroy one of the developing world's most important staple foods: cassava. The wasps are being released in Indonesia, the latest country threatened by the mealybug. It's a white fuzzy-looking insect shaped like a pill that's been making its way across Southeast Asia's fields for the past six years. Scientists will put 2,000 wasps into a holding cage at an affected field in Bogor. They will be monitored to see how well they handle local conditions as they multiply to an expected 300,000 over the next month before being released into the wild to start their relentless killing spree. (AP Photo/Tatan syuflana)


Mealybugs, or Phenacoccus manihoti, are believed to have hitchhiked into Thailand in 2008, most likely aboard cassava cuttings transported from Africa. But without the wasps to keep them in check, they quickly spread to Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.

Small releases have been conducted within those countries, and the wasps imported in 2009 to Thailand have also slowly migrated into neighboring countries.

The wasps have vastly improved the problem in Thailand, the worlds's largest cassava exporter, but not eliminated it entirely. Several wasp releases are planned in different parts of Indonesia using insects brought from Thailand.


http://news.yahoo.com/tiny-wasp-swat-teams-protect-indonesian-crop-052824956.html

[Unorthodox]

The wasps have vastly improved the problem in Thailand, the worlds's largest cassava exporter, but not eliminated it entirely.

No [poop] . 

Of course they can't eliminate it entirely or they would have nothing to lay eggs in, themselves. 

[Buster's Uncle]

Is it THAT certain they can live on nothing else?

This sort of thing is proven to work, but the rabbits in Australia problem is also proven to sometimes be a possibility...

[Buster's Uncle]

Wasp 'SWAT team' to the rescue of Indonesian cassava crop
AFP
11 hours ago



An "eco-friendly SWAT team" of 2,000 tiny wasps was released in Bogor, Indonesia to battle bugs threatening to devour cassava crops on September 24, 2014 (AFP Photo/CIAT)



Jakarta (AFP) - An "eco-friendly SWAT team" of 2,000 tiny wasps was released in Indonesia Wednesday to battle bugs threatening to devour cassava crops, a major staple and source of income for millions.

The two-millimetre A. Lopezi parasitic wasps work by laying larvae that consume the mealybugs from the inside and mummify them. The wasps must eat the pest to survive.

The cassava pink mealybug is native to South America, as is cassava, and is one of the most destructive pests to prey on the crop, according to the team of scientists behind the wasp release.

It likely travelled to Africa and Asia by hitchhiking on infected cassava as it was transported across countries and continents.

Scientists behind the release, from the Colombia-based International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Indonesia's Bogor Agricultural University and the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation, have dubbed the wasps an "eco-friendly SWAT team" and stress they are harmless to humans and animals.

The mealybugs "have been living in the lap of luxury" in their new environments, where they face no effective threats, according to Kris Wyckhuys, an entomologist from CIAT focusing on Asia. "It’s time to help nature along."



An Indonesian researcher works at a laboratory in Bogor on May 7, 2014 (AFP Photo/CIAT)


The wasps, which are native to Central America, were released in a confined field covered by a large cage on the outskirts of Jakarta on Wednesday afternoon, which will allow them to reproduce naturally and be monitored in local conditions before being unleashed in an open field.

Indonesia is one of the world’s biggest cassava producers and each year plants some one million hectares (2.5 million acres) of the crop. It is the second most-consumed staple after rice in the developing nation of 250 million people, which struggles with malnutrition.

It is consumed as a vegetable but also processed into starch to make a variety of products from noodles to pharmaceuticals.

The mealybugs are capable of reducing cassava yields by up to 84 percent. Among Asian countries, they were first reported as a major problem in Thailand in 2008.

The pest has also been detected in other Asian nations including Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.

Although the current area affected in Indonesia is still low, the scientists said the pest can spread fast if not managed, as Thailand found. Wasps were successfully used there to tackle the problem.

"If we don't act now, this could be a major blow to the country's cassava industry and to the millions of farmers who depend on this crop for their incomes," said Aunu Rauf, an entomologist with Bogor Agricultural University.

A massive aerial wasp drop in the 1980s in sub-Saharan Africa was credited with saving the cassava industry from $20 billion in potential damages.


http://news.yahoo.com/wasp-swat-team-rescue-indonesian-cassava-crop-130551412.html

[Unorthodox]

Is it THAT certain they can live on nothing else?

This sort of thing is proven to work, but the rabbits in Australia problem is also proven to sometimes be a possibility...

The wasps are pretty specific.  One that goes after, say, grasshoppers, wouldn't go after crickets or katydids, but could go after locusts.  Don't know much about the mealybug, but a parasitic wasp would be pretty specific, possibly able to target other types of mealybugs (I'm assuming that's how they are importing them).  IIRC, best numbers you can expect from a wasp population is an 80% decrease of target species.