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Fashion; or Life in New York
a Comedy in Five Acts
As
an unknown, female, American author writing in the 1840's, Anna
Cora Mowatt had many negative preconceptions to overcome when she sat
down to write her first dramatic work.
Remarkably, she achieved financial and critical success with her first
attempt, a comedy called "Fashion." In the play, she displayed an
insider's knowledge of what was "in" and "out" with the well-to-do that
fascinated her audiences without alienating theater patrons who
were native to that social class. Rather than simply ridiculing
fashionable foibles, the things that an outsider would find ridiculous,
Mowatt's comedy cut to the heart of upper class discomfort with the
artificiality and accessibility of fashion as a short-cut to social
power as well as addressing lower and middle class annoyance with upper
class snobbery and condescension.
Synopsis
This summary of the plot was provided by Edgar Allan Poe in his initial review of the comedy in The Broadway Journal after seeing the show's debut in the spring of 1845:
THE
plot of “Fashion” runs thus: Adam
Trueman, a blunt, warm-hearted, shrewd, irascible, wealthy, and
generous old
farmer of Cattaraugus County, N. Y., had a daughter, (Ruth) who eloped
with an
adventurer. The father forgave the daughter, but resolving to
disappoint the
hopes of the fortune hunter, gave the couple a bare subsistence. In
consequence
of this, the husband maltreated, and finally abandoned the wife, who
returned,
broken-hearted, to her father’s house and there died, after giving
birth to a
daughter, Gertrude That she might escape the ills
of fortune-hunting by
which her mother was destroyed, Trueman sent the child, of an early
age, to be
brought up by relatives in Geneva; giving his own neighbours to
understand that
she was dead. The Geneva friends were instructed to educate her in
habits of
self-dependence, and to withhold from her the secret of her parentage,
and
heir-ship; — the grandfather’s design being to secure for her a husband
who
will love her solely for herself. The friends by advice of the
grandfather,
procured for her when grown up to womanhood, a situation as music
teacher in
the house of Mr. Tiffany, a quondam foot-peddler, and now by dint of
industry a
dry-goods merchant doing a flashy if not flourishing business; much of
his
success having arisen from the assistance of Trueman, who knew him and
admired
his hones: industry as a travelling peddler.
The
efforts of the drygoods
merchant, however, are insufficient
to keep pace with the extravagance of his wife, who has become infected
with a
desire to shine as
a lady of fashion, in which desire she is seconded
by her daughter,
Seraphina, the musical pupil of Gertrude. The follies of the mother and
daughter so far involve Tiffany as to lead him into a forgery of a
friend’s
endorsement. This crime is suspected by his confidential clerk,
Snobson, an
intemperate blackguard, who at length extorts from his employer a
confession,
under a promise of secrecy provided that Seraphina shall become Mrs.
Snobson.
Mrs. Tiffany, however, is by no means privy to this arrangement: she is
anxious
to secure a title for Seraphina, and advocates the pretensions of Count
Jolimaitre, a quondam English cook, barber and valet, whose real name
was
Gustave Treadmill, and who, having spent much time at Paris, suddenly
took
leave of that city, for that city’s good, and his own; abandoning to
despair a
little laundress (Millinette) to whom he was betrothed, but who had
rashly
entrusted him with the whole of her hard earnings during life.
Gertrude
is beloved (for her
own sake) by Colonel Howard “of
the regular army,” and returns his affection. The Colonel, however,
makes no
proposal, because he considers that his salary of “fifteen hundred a
year” is
no property of his own, but belongs to his creditors. He has endorsed
for a
friend to the amount of seven thousand dollars, and is left to settle
the debt
as he can. He talks, therefore, of resigning, going west, making a
fortune,
returning, and then offering his hand with his fortune, to Gertrude.
At
this juncture, Trueman
pays a visit to his old friend Tiffany,
and is put at fault in respect to the true state of Gertrude’s heart
(and
indeed of everything else) by the tattle of Prudence, Mrs. Tiffany’s
old-maiden
sister. She gives the old man to understand that Gertrude
is in love with T. Tennyson Twinkle, a
poet who is in the sad habit of reading aloud his own verses, but who
has
really very respectable pretensions, as times go. T. T. T.
nevertheless, has no
thought of Gertrude, but is making desperate love to the imaginary
money-bags
of Seraphina. He is rivalled, however, not only by the Count, but by
Augustus
Fogg, a gentleman of excessive haut ton, who wears
black and has a
general indifference to everything but hot suppers.
Millinette,
in the meantime,
has followed her deceiver to
America, and happens to make an engagement as femme de chambre
and
general instructor in Parisian modes, at the very house (of all houses
in the
world) where her Gustave, as Count Jolimaitre, is paying his addresses
to Miss
Tiffany. The laundress recognizes the cook, who, at first overwhelmed
with
dismay, finally recovers his self-possession, and whispers to his
betrothed a
place of appointment at which he promises to “explain all.” This
appointment is
overheard by Gertrude, who for some time has had her suspicions of the
Count.
She resolves to personate Millinette in the interview, and thus obtain
means of
exposing the impostor. Contriving therefore to detain the femme
de chambre
from the assignation, she herself (Gertrude) blowing out the candles
and
disguising her voice meets the Count at the appointed room in Tiffany’s
house,
while the rest of the company (invited to a ball) are at supper. In
order to
accomplish the detention of Millinette, she has been forced to give
some
instructions to Zeke (re-baptized Adolph by Mrs. Tiffany) a negro
footman in
the Tiffany livery. These instructions are overheard by Prudence, who
mars
everything by bringing the whole household into the room of appointment
before
any secret has been extracted from the Count.
Matters are made worse for Gertrude by a futile attempt on the Count’s
part to
conceal himself in a closet. No explanations are listened to. Mrs.
Tiffany and
Seraphina are in a great rage. Howard is in despair — and True man
entertains
so bad an opinion of his grand-daughter that he has an idea of
suffering her
still to remain in ignorance of his relationship. The company disperse
in much
admired disorder, and everything is at odds and ends.
Finding
that she can get no
one to hear her explanations,
Gertrude writes an account of all to her friends at Geneva. She is
interrupted
by Trueman — shows him the letter — he comprehends all — and hurries
the lovers
into the presence of Mr. and Mrs. Tiffany, the former of whom is in
despair,
and the latter in high glee at information just received that Seraphina
has
eloped with Count Jolimaitre.
While
Trueman is here avowing his relationship,
bestowing Gertrude upon Howard, and relieving Tiffany from the fangs of
Snobson
by showing that person that he is an accessary to his employer’s
forgery,
Millinette enters, enraged at the Count’s perfidy to herself, and
exposes him
in full. Scarcely has she made an end when Seraphina appears in search
of her
jewels, which the Count, before committing himself by the overt act of
matrimony, has insisted upon her securing. As she does not return from
this
errand, however, sufficiently soon, her lover approaches on tip-toe to
see what
has become of her; is seen and caught by Millinette; and finding the
game up,
confesses everything with exceeding nonchalance. Trueman extricates
Tiffany
from his embarrassments on condition of his sending his wife and
daughter to
the country to get rid of their fashionable notions; and even carries
his
generosity so
far
as to establish the Count in a restaurant with the proviso
that
he, the Count, shall in the character and proper habiliments
of cook Treadmill, carry around his own advertisement to all the
fashionable
acquaintances who had solicited his intimacy while performing the rôle
of Count Jolintaitre. 1
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[Read
Poe’s full commentary on Fashion here. ]
Characters
Adam
Trueman: a farmer from Catteraugus
Count
Jolimaitre: a fashionable European
Importation
Colonel
Howard: an Officer in the U. S. Army.
Mr.
Tiffany: a New York merchant.
T.
Tennyson Twinkle: a modern poet
Augustus
Fogg: a drawing room appendage
Snobson: a rare species of confidential clerk
Zeke: a servant
Mrs.
Tiffany: a lady who imagines herself
fashionable.
Prudence: a maiden lady of a certain age.
Millinette: a French lady's maid
Gertrude: a governess
Seraphina
Tiffany: a Belle
Ladies
and Gentlemen of the Ball Room
Original New York and London Casts
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NEW
YORK.
Park, March 24, 1845
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LONDON.
Royal
Olympic Theatre, Jan. 9, 1850
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Adam
Trueman |
Mr. Chippendale
|
Mr.
Davenport |
Count
Jolimaitre |
Mr. W. H. Crisp
|
Mr.
A. Wigan. |
Colonel
Howard |
Mr. Dyott
|
Mr.
Belton. |
Mr.
Tiffany |
Mr. Barry
|
Mr.
James Johnstone. |
Twinkle |
Mr. De Walden
|
Mr.
Kinloch. |
Fogg
|
Mr. J. Howard |
Mr.
J. Howard. |
Snobson
|
Mr. Fisher
|
Mr. H. Scharf. |
Zeke
|
Mr. Skerrett
|
Mr.
J. Herbert. |
Mrs.
Tiffany |
Mrs. Barry
|
Mrs.
H. Marston. |
Prudence |
Mrs. Knight
|
Mrs.
Parker. |
Millinette |
Mrs. Dyott
|
Mrs. A.
Wigan. |
Gertrude |
Miss Ellis |
Miss
F. Vining. |
Seraphina |
Miss Horn
|
Miss Gougenheim. |
Style
Theatre
historians generally regard Fashion as the first social comedy written by an author native to the U.S. The play is a half-way point on the road
between Royall Tyler’s The Contrast, the first play to contain a character
that is uniquely an “American” type, and the numerous specimen of modern comedy
generated by U.S. dramatists. Most modern
stagings of Fashion occur in academic settings, framing Mowatt’s melodrama as
a representative of a bygone era in the evolution of this nation’s theatrical
traditions.
Production History
Fashion debuted at the Park Theater, New York,
March 24, 1845. Although it never
achieved the notoriety or mass appeal of the dramatic adaptations of Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Fashion enjoyed a respectably long period
of popularity from its debut in 1845 to the beginning of the Civil War. The comedy made Anna Cora Mowatt famous. Its publication marked the end of her period
of writing under various pseudonyms. Fashion gave Mowatt a lasting place among the dramatists of the U.S. and established her as a
member of the New York literati. Her
experiences with the play also opened the way for her successful career as an
actress.
Lending the
comedy extra longevity have been productions that used Fashion as a platform
to spoof melodramas as a genre. In 1924,
the Provincetown Playhouse staged a very popular revival of the comedy that rewrote
the script and encouraged audiences to boo and hiss the villains in what was imagined to be high Victorian style. This production had a long run of 235 performances in its Off Broadway venue and inspired a surge of new
interest in the play from colleges and community theaters across the country.2
There have
also been several musical adaptations of Fashion. Deems Taylor's 1959 version, Fashion; Life in New
York, played for fifty performances at the Royal Playhouse. It
starred Will Geer who would later achieve fame in the 1970's as TV's
Grandpa Walton as Adam Trueman. During the show's Boston tryout,
the role of Count Jolimaitre was played by veteran comic James Coco.3
The
1970's saw two Off Broadway adaptations of the comedy that were
produced within a year of each other. The first was titled “Yankee
Ingenuity.” The book was by Jim Wise and the score by Richard Bimonte.
It is a straightforward adaptation of Mowatt's script that played for
twenty-nine performances at Meadow Brook Theater in Rochester Michigan
as part of Oakland University's Theatre program.4 Don Pippin and Steve Brown’s “Fashion”
from 1974 was more high concept. Mowatt’s
plot and characters exist as a
play-within-a-play in which most of the male roles are performed by
women. The show ran for ninety-four performances at the McAlpin Rooftop Theater in New York.5
Musical Adaptations of "Fashion"
Fashion!; or Life in New York; a Comedy with Music
Yankee Ingenuity
Fashion; A New Style Comedy
Further Reading on this Play
Anna Cora Mowatt and the Woman Who Did Not Write Fashion -- discussion of an early attempt to challenge Mowatt's authorship
NOTES
1. Edgar
Allan
Poe. "The New Comedy by Mrs. Mowatt." Broadway
Journal. March 29, 1845, p. 112-116.
2. Dietz,
Dan, Off Broadway Musicals, 1910-2007 Cast, Credits, Songs, Critical
Reactions and Performance Data of over 1800 Shows. (MacFarland &
Co.: Jefferson, NC, 2007) page 141, column 1.
3. ibid, page 140, column 3.
4. ibid, page 141, colunm 1.
5. ibid, page 140, column 2.
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