Landjuweels - Chambers of Rhetoric

Formal competition within individual Chambers grew into formal competitions between Chambers. These competitive festivals, called landjuweels (literally "jewel" or "prize of the land"), pitted cities' Chambers against one another in a series of contests strictly governed by rules of form. The first competitions in plays are said to have grown out of the medieval shooting contests in which members of various clubs came together to celebrate and compare skills.

A contest might be held between only two Chambers, but the larger, more prestigious festivals could bring together many orders. For example, in 1498, Antwerp hosted a landjuweel in which twenty-eight Chambers participated.

The first recorded landjuweel took place in Audenarde. In 1413, six societies competed with plays in honor of the Holy sacrament. Following that gathering, several Chambers contributed to a festival of farces in Dunkirk in 1426.

A landjuweel could last for several days or sometimes for several weeks. Performances were open to the public, and by all contemporary accounts, attended enthusiastically. Contestants competed for prizes in a number of categories including: the best play, the best farcical entertainment, the most beautiful blazon, the best acting, the best poem, the best reader of a poem, the best orator, the best song, the best singing, the fool who entertained the best "without villainy". At Haarlem in 1607, there was a prize for the best fireworks display. A typical landjuweel also included a number of parades and banquets. True to the landjuweel's supposed origins, sometimes tourneys were part of the festivity as well.

The following day, the city fathers gave a reception for the officers of the societies. The opening ceremonies continued on August 5 with each Chamber's procession to the church, exhibiting their specially designed emblematic blazons, pageant wagons, an allegorical devices. The Fools' competition took place on August 6. The highlight of this competition was a contest to see who could drink the longest draught. Chamber officers held a banquet on August 7. Play competition began on August 8.

Generally performances took place in a large hall or on an open platform in the public square. The platform, which was also used for the performance of songs, poems, and other entertainments, was backed by an elaborate architectural facade. Places were reserved on the facade for a number of shields of honor usually including those of the emperor or king, of the city, and of the landjuweel's host society. Thus the facade served as a way of proclaiming and celebrating the festival's pedigree rather than providing mere decoration or realistic backgrounds for the performances.

Atop the facade typically was a throne for the figure in whose honor the contest was held. The throne might be occupied by figures representing the Virgin, the Holy trinity, Honor, Wisdom, or Lady Antwerp Landjueweel 1561

Rhetoric. Apparently, these figures were portrayed by human performers at least for part of the festival for contemporary accounts report that several contest featured Lady Rhetoric or Lady Victory descending to the stage in a cloud machine to award prizes.

On the opening day of play competition for the 1561 Ghent landjuweel, the Society of the Violet, who did not compete in their own festival, presented a play of welcome. Each Chamber then presented its entry in the spelen van zinne or theme play category. These presentations lasted through August 23 when the award for best play was presented in a dramatized ceremony. The haagspel, a competition for Chambers who could not afford to enter the main contest. The landjuweel concluded on September 2 with a farewell play presented by the Society of the Violet.